During this period, increases were recorded in the British, German and Italian markets.
The average length of stay increased marginally from 8.3 nights in 2011 to 8.7 nights in 2012. Earnings from tourism registered an increase of 8.2% during this twelve month period, to €984.7 million. On a per capita basis, expenditure by tourists increased by 6% to €682 during this period, while earnings per night spent increased from €77.8 to €78.0.

The cruise liner industry also registered a positive performance, increasing by 9.7% over 2011, to 594,350 arrivals. Full-time employment in accommodation and food service activities increased from 9,583 as at the end of October 2011 to 9,717 at the end of October 2012.

a) Explain why the Economic Survey always discusses tourism in great detail. Why is this sector relevant to the Ministry for Finance if government does not operate any hotels, restaurants and related tourism establishments?

b) Why are visitor numbers and the average length of stay equally important in interpreting tourism performance? How would you interpret the increase in both these indicators in 2012?

c) What reasons might have led to the increase in British, German and Italian visitors in 2012?

d) Does the cruise liner industry follow the same trends as the air travel industry? Are there any different demand factors applicable to the cruise liner industry?

e) While visitor numbers have been on the rise over the last years, a number of hotels often complain of falling margins. What external and internal factors could explain this situation?

f) The Economic Survey refers to employment figures as at the end of October. Would it have made a difference in absolute terms if other months were chosen?